She graduated from the gymnasium in Valjevo and the University of Belgrade Faculty of Philosophy.
Desanka was a professor of Serbian language from 1923 until 1953 in several schools: Obrenovac gymnasium, then the Third Female Gymnasium in Belgrade, after that she spent a year teaching in Dubrovnik (Croatia), as well as the First female gymnasium in Belgrade. One of her best students was Mira Alečković, who also became a poet and a close friend.
In August 1933 she married Sergij Slastikov, but they had no children of their own.
Because of the undying value of her poetry, Desanka Maksimović was elected on December 17, 1959 as an associate member of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts (SANU), and on December 16, 1965 she became a regular member.