Erich Neumann

“The result of this one-sided patriarchal stance, demonstrable in all areas of life, is an un integrated man who is attacked by his repressed side and often enough overwhelmed by it. This transpires not only in the fate of the individual man as seduction by a "lower" anima, but equally through seduction by a compensatory ideology, for example materialism, to which "spirit" men are especially susceptible.The man wants to remain exclusively masculine and out of fear rejects the transformative contact with a woman of equal status. Negativizing the Feminine in the patriarchate prevents the man from experiencing woman as a thou of equal but different status, and hence from coming to terms with her. The consequence of the patriarchal male's haughtiness toward women leads to the inability to make any genuine contact with the Feminine, i.e., not only in a real woman but also with the Feminine in himself, the unconscious. Whenever an integral relationship to the Feminine remains undeveloped, however, this means that, due to his fear, the male is unable to break through to his own wholeness that also embraces the Feminine. Thus the patriarchal culture's separation from the Feminine and from the unconscious becomes one of the essential causes for the crisis of fear in which the patriarchal world now finds itself.”

“Woman's fear of the female Self, of the experience of the numinous archetypal Feminine, becomes comprehensible when we get a glimpse - or even only a hint – of the profound otherness of female selfhood as contrasted to male selfhood. Precisely that element which, in his fear of the Feminine, the male experiences as the hole, abyss, void, and nothingness turns into something positive for the woman without, however, losing these same characteristics. Here the archetypal Feminine is experienced not as illusion and as maya but rather as unfathomable reality and as life in which above and below, spiritual and physical, are not pitted against each other; reality as eternity is creative and, at the same time, is grounded in primeval nothingness. Hence as daughter the woman experiences herself as belonging to the female spiritual figure Sophia, the highest wisdom, while at the same time she is actualizing her connection with the musty, sultry, bloody depths of swamp-mother Earth. However, in this sort of Self-discovery woman necessarily comes to see herself as different from what presents itself to men -as, for example, spirit and father, but often also as the patriarchal godhead and his ethics. The basic phenomenon - that the human being is born of woman and reared by her during the crucial developmental phases - is expressed in woman as a sense of connectedness with all living things, a sense not yet sufficiently realized, and one that men, and especially the patriarchal male, absolutely lack to the extent women have it.To experience herself as so fundamentally different from the dominant patriarchal values understandably fills the woman with fear until she arrives at that point in her own development where, through experience and love that binds the opposites, she can clearly see the totality of humanity as a unity of masculine and feminine aspects of the Self.”

“If we are enveloped in images, we are also enveloped in forms, in spirit, which is nature, and in nature, which is spirit. Daily and continually we associate with this unified world of nature and spirit without knowing it. But only the person to whom this association has become clear understands what is meant when we talk of Sophia as a heightened and spiritualized earth. But this formulation is already distorted as well. The earth has not changed at all, it is neither heightened and spiritualized: it remains what is always was. Only the person who experiences this Earth Spirit has transformed himself, he alone is changed by it and has, perhaps, been heightened and spiritualized. However, he too remains what he always was and has only become, along with the earth, more transparent to himself in his own total reality.Here also we must differentiate between the reality of our total existence and the differentiating formulations of our consciousness. Certainly, our consciousness makes the attempt to separate a spiritual from a natural world and to set them in opposition, but this mythical division and opposition of heaven and earth proves more and more impracticable. If, in the process of integration, consciousness allies itself with the contents of the unconscious and the mutual interpenetration of both systems leads to a transformation of the personality, a return to the primordial symbolism of the myth ensues. Above and below, heaven and earth, spirit and nature, are experienced again as coniunctio, and the calabash that contains them is the totality of reality itself.”

“However, the natural symbol, without our being sufficiently conscious of the fact, is identical with the reality of the world that appears to us, for every object in the natural world is at the same time a symbolic reality to us. The psyche certainly does not use an "object" of nature as a "symbol," but rather the experience of an "object" itself is always already symbolic experience. The star or tree in us is no less real and no less symbolic than it is in outward experience. For each possibility of experience either presupposes a spiritually forming, that is to say a symbolic activity, or is identical with this. That is, everything spiritual appears to us first not just in nature but as nature; or we could formulate this just as well the other way around: everything natural, whether outward or inward, appears to us as an image, that is to say as formed spirit. We are surrounded by images, inwardly and outwardly, but at the same time formed and determined in all our experiences by the natural symbol as though by a unitary natural-spiritual reality, for our psychic system only grasps that which appears to us as the real world through the world of natural symbolism.”

“As the Great Creatrix, the feminine is no vessel and passage for an alien, masculine Other that condescends towards her, enters into her, and favors her with the seed of living. Life originates in her and issues from her, and the light that appears projected on the night sky, which she is herself, is rooted in her depths. For she is not only the protomantis, the first and great Prophetess, but also she who gives birth to the Spirit-Light, which, like consciousness and the illumination that arises in transformation, is rooted in her creative efficacy. She is the creative Earth, which not only brings forth and swallows life, but as that which transforms also lets the dead thing be resurrected and leads the lower to the higher. All developments and transformations that lead from the simple and insignificant through all gradations of life to the complicated and intricately differentiated fall under her sovereignty. This matriarchal world is geocentric; the stars and signs of the zodiac are the heavenly girdle of the Earth Goddess and are arranged around her as the true center around which everything revolves.”

“The archetypal image of the redeemer serpent is certainly placed here in opposition to the serpents of evil that battle with it. But why do they both have the same form if there is only oppositIOn between them? What does it mean that they both dwell in the same place, the depth of the great abyss? Are they not possibly two aspects of the same thing?We know this image of the redeemer serpent not only from Gnosis and from the Sabbataian myth, but we know of the same serpent rising from below, redeeming and to be redeemed, as the Kundalini serpent in India, and finally from alchemy as the serpens Mercurii, the ambiguous serpent whose significance was first made clear to us by Jung's researches.Since Jung's work on alchemy we know two things. The first is that in its "magnum opus" alchemy dealt with a redemption of matter itself. The second is that pari passu with this redemption of matter, a redemption of the individual psyche was not only unconsciously carried out but was also consciously intended. As we know, the serpent is a primeval symbol of the Spirit, as primeval and ambiguous as the Spirit itself. The emergence of the Earth archetype of the Great Mother brings with it the emergence of her companion, the Great Serpent. And, strangely enough, it seems as though modern man is confronted with a curious task, a task which is essentially connected with what mankind, rightly or wrongly, has feared most, namely the Devil.”

“There is no religion and no philosophy that can give us a comprehensive answer to the whole of our problems, and the abandonment and isolation of the individual who is given no answer, or only inadequate answers, to his question lead to a situation in which more and more cheap, obvious solutions and answers are sought and provided. As, everywhere and in all departments of life, there are contradictory schools and parties, and an equal number of contradictory answers, one of the most frequent reactions is that modern man ceases to ask questions and takes refuge in a conception that considers only the most obvious, superficial aspects, and becomes skeptical, nihilistic, and egocentric. Or, alternatively, he tries to solve all his problems by plunging headlong into a collective situation and a collective conviction, and seeks to redeem himself in this way.”

“While the Eternal Feminine in Faust II still appears in personalized form as the Madonna, she works her effects in The Magic Flute as an invisible spiritual power, as music. But this music is the expression of divine love itself, which unites law and freedom, above and below, in the wisdom of the heart and of love. As harmony, it grants humankind divine peace and rules the world as the highest divinity.From the earliest times, magic and music have stood under the rule of the Archetypal Feminine, which in myth and fairy tale is also the mistress of transformation, intoxication, and enchanting sound. Thus it is quite understandable that it is precisely this feminine principle that bestows the magical instruments. The Orpheus motif of the magical taming of the animal energies through music belongs to her, for as mistress of the animals the Great Goddess rules the world of wild as well as tame creatures. She can transform things and people into animal form, tame the animal, and enchant it because, like music, she is able to make the tame wild and the wild tame with the power of her magic.”

“Devaluation of the Earth, hostility towards the Earth, fear of the Earth: these are all from the psychological point of view the expression of a weak patriarchal consciousness that knows no other way to help itself than to withdraw violently from the fascinating and overwhelming domain of the Earthly. For we know that the archetypal projection of the Masculine experiences, not without justice, the Earth as the unconscious-making, instinct-entangling, and therefore dangerous Feminine. At the same time the projection of the masculine anima is mingled with the living image of the Earth archetype in the unconscious of man; and the more one-sidedly masculine man's conscious mind is the more primitive, unreliable, and therefore dangerous his anima will be. However, the Earth archetype, in compensation to the divinity of the archetype of Heaven and the Father, that determined the consciousness of medieval man, is fused together with the archaic image of the Mother Goddess.Yet in its struggle against this Mother Goddess, the conscious mind, in its historical development, has had great difficulty in asserting itself so as to reach its – patriarchal - independence. The insecurity of this conscious mind-and we have profound experience of how insecure the position of the conscious mind still is in modern man-is always bound up with fear of the unconscious, and no well-meaning theory "against fear" will be able to rid the world of this deeply rooted anxiety, which at different times has been projected on different objects. Whether this anxiety expresses itself in a religious form as the medieval fear of demons or witches, or politically as the modern fear of war with the State beyond the Iron Curtain, in every case we are dealing with a projection, though at the same time the anxiety is justified. In reality, our small ego-consciousness is justifiably afraid of the superior power of the collective forces, both without and within.In the history of the development of the conscious mind, for reasons which we cannot pursue here, the archetype of the Masculine Heaven is connected positively with the conscious mind, and the collective powers that threaten and devour the conscious mind both from without and within, are regarded as Feminine. A negative evaluation of the Earth archetype is therefore necessary and inevitable for a masculine, patriarchal conscious mind that is still weak. But this validity only applies in relation to a specific type of conscious mind; it alters as the integration of the human personality advances, and the conscious mind is strengthened and extended. A one-sided conscious mind, such as prevailed in the medieval patriarchal order, is certainly radical, even fanatical, but in a psychological sense it is by no means strong. As a result of the one-sidedness of the conscious mind, the human personality becomes involved in an equally one-sided opposition to its own unconscious, so that actually a split occurs. Even if, for example, the Masculine principle identifies itself with the world of Heaven, and projects the evil world of Earth outwards on the alien Feminine principle, both worlds are still parts of the personality, and the repressing masculine spiritual world of Heaven and of the values of the conscious mind is continually undermined and threatened by the repressed but constantly attacking opposite side. That is why the religious fanaticism of the representatives of the patriarchal World of Heaven reached its climax in the Inquisition and the witch trials, at the very moment when the influence of the archetype of Heaven, which had ruled the Middle Ages and the previous period, began to wane, and the opposite image of the Feminine Earth archetype began to emerge.”

“A natureza observadora e emocionalmente determinada do espírito lunar é designada em alemão pelas palavras pertencentes à raiz Sinn, que significa meditar, ter em mente, ponderar, considerar e ser contemplativo; e também contemplação, inclinação mental, assim, como sentidos e sensual; por último, mas não menos importante, o Eigen-Sinn (vontade própria, obstinação) que os homens em geral atribuem às mulheres. A consciência matriarcal age através da circum-ambulação e da meditação. Falta-lhe o propósito do pensamento dirigido, da conclusão lógica e do juízo. Sua Ação característica é um movimento em torno de um círculo, uma contemplação (Betrachtung, uma vez interpretada por Jung como trachtigmachen, engravidar) . Não tem o objetivo direto da consciência masculina, nem o fio aguçado de sua análise. Interessa-se mais pelo significativo do que por fatos e datas, e é orientada teleologicamente mais ao crescimento orgânico do que à causalidade mecânica ou lógica.Uma vez que o processo de cognição nessa “consciência lunar“ é uma gravidez e seu produto um nascimento, um processo em que toda a personalidade participa, seu “conhecimento “não pode ser partilhado, relatado ou provado. É uma posse interior, realizada e assimilada pela personalidade, mas não facilmente discutida, porque a experiência interna que está por trás dela não se presta a uma exploração verbal adequada, e dificilmente pode ser transmitida a alguém que não tenha passado pela mesma experiência.Por essa razão, uma consciência masculina pura e simples considera o “conhecimento” da consciência matriarcal não verificável, caprichoso e místico por excelência. Esse é, de fato, no sentido positivo, o cerne da questão. É a mesma espécie de conhecimento revelado nos mistérios e no misticismo. Consiste não de verdades partilhadas mas de transformações experimentadas, portanto necessariamente só tem validade para as pessoas que passaram pela mesma experiência. Para estas, o conselho de Goethe ainda vale:Sagt es niemand, nur den Weisen, Weil die Menge gleich verhohnet(Não conte a ninguém, apenas aos sábios, porque a multidão não tarda em zombar)Isto quer dizer que as percepções de consciência matriarcal são condicionadas pela personalidade que as realiza. Não são abstratas nem desemocionalizadas, pois a consciência matriarcal conserva o vínculo com o reino do inconsciente do qual seu conhecimento brota. Suas descobertas interiores, estão, em conseqüência, em oposição direta às da consciência masculina, que consiste idealmente de conteúdos conscientes abstratos, livres de emocionalismo e possuidores de uma validade universal não afetada por fatores pessoais.”

“Não é sob os raios causticantes do sol mas na fria luz refletida da lua, quando a escuridão da inconsciência atinge sua plenitude, que o processo criativo se completa: a noite, e não o dia, é que é o momento da procriação. Esta requer escuridão e quietude, segredo, mudez e ocultamento. Em conseqüência, a lua é senhora da vida e do crescimento em oposição ao sol letal e devorador. O tempo úmido da noite é o tempo do sono, mas também da cura e de recuperação . Por esta razão, o deus da lua, Sin, é um médico; uma inscrição cuneiforme representando sua planta curativa diz que “depois que o sol se põe e com a cabeça velada, ela (a planta) deve ser circundada com um anel mágico de farinha e cortada antes que o sol nasça”. Aqui vemos, associado com o círculo mágico e com a farinha, o símbolo misterioso de “velar , que pertence à lua e ao segredo da noite. Cura e terapeuta, planta curativa e crescimento recuperador se encontram nessa configuração. É o poder regenerador do inconsciente que na escuridão noturna sou sob a luz da lua executa seu trabalho, um mysterium dentro de um mysterium, trabalhando a partir de si mesmo e da natureza, sem qualquer ajuda do ego cerebral. É por isso que as pílulas e as ervas curativas são associadas à lua e seus segredos guardados por mulheres, ou melhor, pela natureza feminina, que está ligada à lua.Aqui o simbolismo do crescimento vegetativo deve ser interpretado no sentido amplo que concede todo símbolo como síntese de uma realidade tanto interior como exterior. Ao reino noturno da lua curativa pertence o poder regenerador do sono que cura o corpo e suas feridas, a escuridão onde tem lugar a recuperação, e também aqueles acontecimentos da alma que na obscuridade, por processos que somente o coração pode saber, permitem ao homem “superar“ suas crises insolúveis.Não é, como se pensou, porque a lua muitas vezes parece verde no leste, que se supôs ser o verde a cor da lua; é por causa da inerente afinidade da lua com a vegetação da qual se diz: “Quando a palavra de Sin desce sobre a terra, o verde aparece.“ Esse verde de Osíris, de Chidher, do broto de shiva e da pedra verde alquímica, não é somente a cor do desenvolvimento físico mas também do desenvolvimento do espírito e da alma. A lua como regente da consciência matriarcal, está ligada a um conhecimento específico e a uma forma particular de compreensão. Isso é a consciência que nasceu, o espírito que veio à luz como fruto da noite.”

“Assimilation of the feminine side is indeed a decisive problem in a man's individuation, but it remains his "private affair" since our patriarchal culture not only does not demand individuation but tends actually to reject it in the male. Assimilation of the archetypally masculine animus side of woman's nature, however, is a different matter. In modern times patriarchal culture, which no longer oppresses her and hinders her cultural participation, motivates woman to develop the opposite side of her psyche from childhood onwards. This means that women are forced into a certain degree of Self-estrangement for the sake of conscious development. Initially more is demanded of them than of men. From woman both femininity and masculinity are required, while from him only masculinity. We are speaking here of one of the complications but also one of the opportunities inherent in woman's situation for our culture that has led to there being such a high percentage of women involved in the development of modern psychology, actively through their collaboration and passively through their conflicts.”

“Enquanto a consciência patriarcal aniquila o tempo e ultrapassa os lentos processos de transformação e evolução da natureza através do uso deliberado de experimentação e calculo, a consciência matriarcal permanece pesa ao encantamento da lua mutável. Como a lua, sua iluminação e sua liminosidade estão ligadas ao fluxo do tempo e a periodicidade. Deve esperar que o tempo amadureça enquanto a compreensão, como uma semente plantada, também amadureça com ele.”

“On the lowest level, this loss of soul turns the man into the hen-pecked husband who lives with his wife as though she were his mother upon whom he is solely dependent in all things having to do with emotions and the inner life. But even the relatively positive case where the woman is the mistress of the inner domain and mother of the home who simultaneously has the responsibility for dealing with all the man's questions and problems having to do with emotions and the inner life, even this leads to a lack of emotional vitality and sterile one-sidedness in the man. He discharges only the "outer" and "rational" affairs of life, profession, politics, etc. Owing to his loss of soul, the world he has shaped becomes a patriarchal world that, in its soullessness, presents an unprecedented danger for humanity. In this context we cannot delve further into the significance of a full development of the archetypal feminine potential for a new, future society.”

“A conexão entre o tempo, o inconsciente e o espirito lunar pertence, ainda mais profundamente do que tem sido demonstrado, a natureza essencial da consciência matriarcal. Somente através de uma compreensão adequada do caráter espiritual do arquétipo da lua podemos entender o significado da consciência matriarcal e do “espirito feminino“.”

“A Etimologia tentou separar duas raízes: de um lado a raiz-lua que, com men (lua) e mensis (mes) pertence a raíz ma do sacrifício mas; e de outro, a raiz sânscrita manas, com menos (grego), mens (latim) etc., que representa o espirito por excelência.Da raiz-espírito brota uma ampla ramificação de sentidos espirituais significativos: menos, espirito, coração, alma, coragem, ardor; menoinan, considerar, meditar, desejar; memona, ter em mente, pretender; mainomai pensar e também perder-se em pensamentos e delirar, a qual pertence mania, loucura, possessão e também manteia, profecia. Outros ramos da mesma raiz-espírito são menis, menos, raiva, menuo, indicar, revelar; meno, permanecer, demorar-se, manthano, aprender; menini, lembrar; e mentiri, mentir. Todas essas raízes-espírito originam-se de uma raiz original sânscrita Mati-h, que significa pensamento, intenção.Em nenhum lugar, seja ele qual for, essa raiz foi colocada em oposição a raiz-lua, men, lua; mensis, mes; mas, que e ligado a ma, medir. Dessa raiz origina-se não só matra-m, medida, mas também metis, inteligência, sabedoria; matiesthai, meditar, ter em mente, sonhar; e, mais ainda, para nossa surpresa, verificamos que essa raiz-lua, pretensamente oposta a raiz-espírito, e da mesma maneira derivada da raiz sânscrita mati-h, significando medida, conhecimento.Em conseqüência, a única raiz arquetípica subjacente a esses significados e espírito-lua, que se expressa em todas as suas ramificações diversificadas, revelando-nos assim sua natureza e seu significado primordial. O que emana do espírito-lua e um movimento emocional relacionado de perto com as atividades do inconsciente. Na erupção ativa e um espirito igneo: coragem, cólera, possessão e ira; sua auto-revelação conduz a profecia, cogitação e mentira, mas também a poesia. Junto com essa produtividade ignea, no entanto, coloca-se outra atitude mais “ medida “ que medita, sonha, espera e deseja, hesita e se retarda, que se relaciona com a memória e o aprendizado, e cujo efeito e a moderação, a sabedoria e o significado.Discutindo o assunto em outro lugar, mencionei, como uma atividade primaria do inconsciente, o Einfall, isto e, o pressentimento ou o pensamento que “ estala “ na cabeça. O aparecimento de conteúdos espirituais que penetram na consciência com suficiente forca persuasiva para fascina-la e controla-la, representa provavelmente a primeira forma de emergência do espirito no homem. Enquanto numa consciência ampliada e num ego mais forte esse fator emergente e introjetado e concebido como uma manifestação psíquica interna, no começo parece atingir a psique “ de fora “, como uma revelação sagrada e uma mensagem numinosa dos “ poderes “ ou deuses. O ego, ao experimentar esses conteúdos como vindos de fora, mesmo quando os chama de intuitos ou inspirações, recebe o fenômeno espiritual espontâneo com a atitude característica do ego da consciência matriacal. Porque ainda e verdade, como sempre foi, que as revelações do espírito-lua são recebidas mais facilmente quando a noite anima o inconsciente e provoca a introversão do que a luz brilhante do dia.”

“I must quote from Dr. Faustus, with which the tragedy ends: "Often he talked of eternal grace, the poor man, and I don't know if it will be enough. But an understanding heart, believe me, is enough for everything."Let us understand these words correctly. They are not proud or arrogant; on the contrary they are desperately modest. We really do not know any longer whether grace is enough, precisely because we are as we are and are beginning to see ourselves as we are. But at a time of overwhelming crisis, the questionable nature of grace, or rather our knowledge that we are unworthy of grace, compels us to understand and love mankind, the fallible mankind that we ourselves are. Behind this abysmal crisis, the archetype of the Eternal Feminine as earth and as Sophia would seem to be discernible; it is no accident that these words are spoken by Frau Schweigestill, the mother. That is to say, it is precisely in chaos, in hell, that the New makes its appearance. Did not Kwanyin descend into hell rather than spend her time with the serene music makers in heaven?”

“Tanto para o masculino como para o feminino, a totalidade só é atingível quando, numa união dos opostos, o dia e a noite, o mais alto e o mais baixo, as consciências patriarcal e matriarcal, chegam ao seu próprio modo de produtividade e mutuamente se complementam, fertilizando um ao outro.”

“A comum identificação de nosso ego com a consciência patriarcal cerebral, e a correspondente falta de relação com a consciência matriarcal, freqüentemente conduz ao nosso desconhecimento do que realmente nos acontece. Em tais casos, percebemos mais tarde que fomos profundamente impressionados por coisas, situações e pessoas, das quais nosso ego cerebral não tomou qualquer conhecimento. Então, ao contrário, uma falta de reação, convenientemente embaçada aparece em alguém, mas cuja consciência do coração “concebeu “. O fato de que, como um raio, algo ocorreu e foi percebido, tornar-se-á visível mais tarde na frutificação de uma mudança de personalidade. Aqui, a frase de Heráclito continua válida: “A natureza adora se esconder”.”

“…our aim has been to provide anyone who is seriously interested with an introduction to the world of the archetypes, and to make this introduction as simple as possible. For this reason we have included… a number of schemas, or diagrams, which as experience has shown, make things much easier for most people, though by no means for all.” Erich Neumann, The Great Mother, p.xii.”

“The fabric of archetypal canon which used to support the average man has given way... [p. 439]”