Michael J. Sandel
Michael J. Sandel is an American political philosopher who lives in Brookline, Massachusetts. He is the Anne T. and Robert M. Bass Professor of Government at Harvard University, where he has taught since 1980. He is best known for the Harvard course 'Justice', which is available to view online, and for his critique of John Rawls' A Theory of Justice in his first book, Liberalism and the Limits of Justice (1982). He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2002.
“ الفلسفة تعلمنا و تربكنا عندما تجبرنا على مواجهة ما نعلمه أصلا. هنا تكمن السخرية. فهي تأخذ ما هو مألوف و غير مفند لتطرحه علينا بشكل جديد غريب. الفلسفة تأخذنا بعيدا عن المعهود ليس بتزويدنا بمعلومات جديدة بل باستفزاز رؤية مختلفة. و هنا المخاطرة , عندما يصبح المألوف غريبا , فلن تعود الأشياء الى سابق عهدها. المعرفة التي نكتسبها بانفسنا من تفكيرنا هي كالبراءة الضائعة لا نستطيع التراجع عنها مهما أربكتنا.”
Michael J. Sandel
“Markets are useful instruments for organizing productive activity. But unless we want to let the market rewrite the norms that govern social institutions, we need a public debate about the moral limits of markets.”
Michael J. Sandel
“Philosophy is a distancing, if not debilitating, activity.”
Michael J. Sandel
“A growing body of work in social psychology offers a possible explanation for this commercialization effect. These studies highlight the difference between intrinsic motivations (such as moral conviction or interest in the task at hand) and external ones (such as money or other tangible rewards). When people are engaged in an activity they consider intrinsically worthwhile, offering them money may weaken their motivation by depreciating or "crowding out" their intrinsic interest or commitment.”
Michael J. Sandel
“And so, in the end, the question of markets is really a question about how we want to live together. Do we want a society where everything is up for sale? Or are there certain moral and civic goods that markets do not honor and money cannot buy?”
Michael J. Sandel
“[T]he commitment to a framework neutral among ends can be seen as a kind of value [...] but its value consists precisely in its refusal to affirm a preferred way of life or conception of the good.”
Michael J. Sandel
“First, individual rights cannot be sacrificed for the sake of the general good, and second, the principles of justice that specify these rights cannot be premised on any particular vision of the good life. What justifies the rights is not that they maximize the general welfare or otherwise promote the good, but rather that they comprise a fair framework within which individuals and groups can choose their own values and ends, consistent with a similar liberty for others.”
Michael J. Sandel
“[T]he state should not impose a preferred way of life, but should leave its citizens as free as possible to choose their own values and ends, consistent with a similar liberty for others.”
Michael J. Sandel