Michel Foucault

“In civilizations without ships, dreams dry up, espionage takes the place of adventure and the police take the place of corsairs.”

“Traditionally, power was what was seen, what was shown, and what was manifested...Disciplinary power, on the other hand, is exercised through its invisibility; at the same time it imposes on those whom it subjects a principle of compulsory visibility. In discipline, it is the subjects who have to be seen. Their visibility assures the hold of the power that is exercised over them. It is this fact of being constantly seen, of being able always to be seen, that maintains the disciplined individual in his subjection. And the examination is the technique by which power, instead of emitting the signs of its potency, instead of imposing its mark on its subjects, holds them in a mechanism of objectification. In this space of domination, disciplinary power manifests its potency, essentially by arranging objects. The examination is, as it were, the ceremony of this objectification.”

“there is no escaping from power, that it is always-already present constituting that very thing which one attempts to counter it with.”

“power is tolerable only on condition that it masks a substantial part of itself. Its success is proportional to an ability to hide its own mechanisms.”

“Discipline 'makes' individuals; it is the specific technique of a power that regards individuals both as objects and as instruments of its exercise. It is not a triumphant power...it is a modest, suspicious power, which functions as a calculated, but permanent economy.”

“Exercise is the technique by which one imposes on the body tasks that are both repetitive and different, but always graduated. By bending behavior towards a terminal state, exercise makes possible a perpetual characterization of the individual...It thus assures, in the form of continuity and constraint, a growth, an observation, a qualification.”

“There is not one but many silences, and they are an integral part of the strategies that underlie and permeate discourses.”

“Storytellers continue their narratives late into the night to forestall death and to delay the inevitable moment when everyone must fall silent. Scheherazade’s story is a desperate inversion of murder; it is the effort, throughout all those nights, to exclude death from the circle of existence.”

“Once leprosy had gone, and the figure of the leper was no more than a distant memory, these structures still remained. The game of exclusion would be played again, often in these same places, in an oddly similar fashion two or three centuries later. The role of the leper was to be played by the poor and by the vagrant, by prisoners and by the 'alienated', and the sort of salvation at stake for both parties in this game of exclusion is the matter of this study.”

“And now, if we try to assign a value, in and of itself, outside its relations to the dream and with error, to classical unreason, we must understand it not as reason diseased, or as reason lost or alienated, but quite simply as reason dazzled.”

“Naš je um razlika diskursa, naša istorija razlika vremena, naše ja razlika maski.”

“The individual is the product of power.”

“The language of psychiatry is a monologue of reason about madness”

“Life itself was only futility, vain words, a squabble of cap and bells.”

“[T]hus one should not think that desire is repressed, for the simple reason that the law is what constitutes both desire and the lack on which it is predicated. Where there is desire, the power relation is already present: an illusion, then, to denounce this relation for a repression exerted after the event.”

“And the good ruler is precisely the one who exercises his power as it ought to be exercised, that is, simultaneously exercising his power over himself. And it is the power over oneself that thus regulates one's power over others.”

“ينبغى أن أفترض أن خطابى هذا لا يؤمن لى طول البقاء. وأننى إذ أتكلم لا أتحاشى موتى وإنما أؤسسه، أو بالأحرى أننى أزيل كل داخليّة، فى هذا الخارج الذى لا يبالى بحياتى، هذا الخارج الذى لا يقيم أى فرق بين حياتى وموتى”

“As the archeology of our thought easily shows, man is an invention of recent date. And one perhaps nearing its end.”

“People will be surprised at the eagerness with which we went aboutpretending to rouse from its slumber a sexuality which every­thing-our discourses, our customs, our institutions, our regulations, our knowledges-was busy producing in the light of day and broadcasting to noisy accompaniment.”

“In any given culture and at any given moment, there is always only one 'episteme' that defines the conditions of possibility of all knowledge, whether expressed in theory or silently invested in a practice.”

“There are times inlife when the question of knowing if one can think differentlythan one thinks, and perceive differently than one sees, isabsolutely necessary if one is to go on looking and reflectingat all.”

“There are more ideas on earth than intellectuals imagine. And these ideas are more active, stronger, more resistant, more passionate than "politicians" think. We have to be there at the birth of ideas, the bursting outward of their force: not in books expressing them, but in events manifesting this force, in struggles carried on around ideas, for or against them. Ideas do not rule the world. But it is because the world has ideas (and because it constantly produces them) that it is not passively ruled by those who are its leaders or those who would like to teach it, once and for all, what it must think.”

“Lo que también me parece interesante y durante mucho tiempo representó un problema para mí es que, una vez más, no encontramos simplemente en el plano del Estado socialista ese mismo funcionamiento del racismo, sino también en las diferentes formas de análisis o proyectos socialistas, a lo largo de todo el siglo XIX, y, me parece alrededor de esto: en el fondo, cada vez que un socialismo insistió, sobre todo, en la transformación y paso del Estado capitalista al Estado socialista (en otras palabras, cada vez que buscó el principio de la transformación en el nivel de los procesos económicos), no necesitó el racismo, al menos en lo inmediato. En cambio, en todos los momentos en que el socialismo se vio obligado a insistir en el problema de la lucha, la lucha contra el enemigo, la eliminación del adversario dentro mismo de la sociedad capitalista; cuando se trata por consiguiente, de pensar el enfrentamiento físico con el adversario de clase en la sociedad capitalista, el racismo resurgió, porque era la única manera que tenía un pensamiento socialista , que de todas formas estaba muy ligado al tema del biopoder, de pensar la razón de matar al adversario. Cuando se trata simplemente de eliminarlo económicamente, de hacerle perder sus privilegios , el racismo no hace falta . Pero desde el momento en que hay que pensar que vamos a estar frente a frente, y que será preciso combatirlo físicamente, arriesgar la vida y procurar matarlo, el racismo es necesario”

“It is meaningless to speak in the name of - or against - Reason, Truth, or Knowledge.”

“A decadência da Europa nos oferece um espectáculo imenso cujos momentos mais fortes são omitidos ou são dispensados. O próprio da cena em que nos encontramos hoje é representar um teatro; sem monumentos que sejam nossa obra e que nos pertençam, nós vivemos cercados de cenários. Mas há mais: o europeu não sabe quem ele é; ele ignora que raças se misturam nele; ele procura que papel poderia ter; ele não tem individualidade.”

“De onde vem a história? Da plebe. A quem se dirige? Á plebe. É o discurso que ele lhe faz muito parecido com o do demagogo: ninguém é maior do que vocês" diz este "e aquele que tiver a presunção de querer ser superior a vocês - vocês que são bons - é malvado"; e o historiador, que é seu duplo, o imita: "nenhum passado é maior do que seu presente e tudo o que na história pode se apresentar com ar de grandeza, meu saber meticuloso lhes mostrará a pequenez, a crueldade, e a infelicidade".”

“As mudanças económicas do século XVIII tornaram necessário fazer circular os efeitos do poder, por canais cada vez mais sutis, chegando até os próprios indivíduos, seus corpos, seus gestos, cada um de seus desempenhos cotidianos. Que o poder, mesmo tendo uma multiplicidade de homens a gerir, seja tão eficaz quanto se ele exercesse sobre um só.”

“The man described for us, whom we are invited to free, is already in himself the effect of a subjection much more profound than himself. A 'soul' inhabits him and brings him to existence...the soul is the effect and instrument of political anatomy; the soul is the prison of the body.”

“This is the historical reality of the soul, which, unlike the soul represented by Christian theology, is not born in sin and subject to punishment, but is born rather out of methods of punishment, supervision, and constraint.”

“You know the difference between a real science and a pseudoscience? A real science recognizes and accepts its own history without feeling attacked. When you tell a psychiatrist his mental institution came from a lazar house, he becomes infuriated.”

“No seventeenth-century pedagogue would have publicly advised his disciple, as did Erasmus in his Dialogues, on the choice of a good prostitute.”

“Visibility is a trap.”

“As soon as you start writing, even if it is under your real name, you start to function as somebody slightly different, as a "writer". You establish from yourself to yourself continuities and a level of coherence which is not quite the same as your real life... All this ends up constituting a kind of neo-identity which is not identical to your identity as a citizen or your social identity, Besides you know this very well, since you want to protect your private life.”

“From the idea that the self is not given to us, I think there is only one practical consequence: we have to create ourselves as a work of art.”

“People know what they do; they frequently know why they do what they do; but what they don’t know is what what they do does.”

“…modern man no longer communicates with the madman […] There is no common language: or rather, it no longer exists; the constitution of madness as mental illness, at the end of the eighteenth century, bears witness to a rupture in a dialogue, gives the separation as already enacted, and expels from the memory all those imperfect words, of no fixed syntax, spoken falteringly, in which the exchange between madness and reason was carried out. The language of psychiatry, which is a monologue by reason about madness, could only have come into existence in such a silence.”

“It is not the activity of the subject of knowledge that produces a corpus of knowledge, useful or resistant to power, but power-knowledge, the processes and struggles that transverse it and of which it is made up, that determines the forms and possible domains of knowledge.”

“Matthey, a Geneva physician very close to Rousseau's influence, formulates the prospect for all men of reason: 'Do not glory in your state, if you are wise and civilized men; an instant suffices to disturb and annihilate that supposed wisdom of which you are so proud; an unexpected event, a sharp and sudden emotion of the soul will abruptly change the most reasonable and intelligent man into a raving idiot.”

“Menuret repeats an observation of Forestier's that clearly shows how an excessive loss of a humor, by drying out the vessels and fibers, may provoke a state of mania; this was the case of a young man who 'having married his wife in the summertime, became maniacal as a result of the excessive intercourse he had with her.”

“Discourse is not life; its time is not your time; in it, you will not be reconciled to death; you may have killed God beneath the weight of all that you have said; but don't imagine that, with all that you are saying you will make a man that will live longer than he.”

“We demand that sex speak the truth [...] and we demand that it tell us our truth, or rather, the deeply buried truth of that truth about ourselves wich we think we possess in our immediate consciousness.”

“[…] marginile unei cărţi nu sunt niciodată clar şi riguros trasate: dincolo de titlu, de primele rânduri şi de punctul final, mai presus de configuraţia sa internă şi de forma care îi conferă autonomie, ea se află prinsă într-un sistem de trimiteri la alte cărţi, la alte texte, la alte fraze: este un nod într-o reţea.”

“Maybe the target nowadays is not to discover what we are but to refuse what we are.”

“Ni la casta que gobierna, ni los grupos que controlan los aparatos del estado, ni los que toman las decisiones económicas más importantes administran el conjunto de la red de poder que funciona en una sociedad (y que la hace funcionar).Así como la red de las relaciones de poder concluye por construir un espeso tejido que atraviesa los aparatos y las instituciones sin localizarse exactamente en ellos, así también la formación del enjambre de los puntos de resistencia surca las estratificaciones sociales y las unidades individuales. Y es sin duda la codificación estratégica de esos puntos de resistencia  lo que torna posible una revolución.”

“But a punishment like forced labour or even imprisonment – mere loss of liberty – has never functioned without a certain additional element of punishment that certainly concerns the body itself: rationing of food, sexual deprivation, corporal punishment, solitary confinement … There remains, therefore, a trace of ‘torture’ in the modern mechanisms of criminal justice – a trace that has not been entirely overcome, but which is enveloped, increasingly, by the non-corporal nature of the penal system”

“there is no glory in punishing”

“it is the certainty of being punished and not the horrifying spectacle of public punishment that must discourage crime”

“It is pointless to ask: Why then is sex so secret? What is this force that so long reduced it to silence and has only recently relaxed its hold somewhat, allowing us to question it perhaps, but always in the context of and through its repression? In reality, this question, so often repeated nowadays, is but the recent form of a considerable affirmation and a secular prescription: there is where the truth is; go see if you can uncover it. [...] It is reasonable therefore to ask first of all: What is this injunction? Why this great chase after the truth of sex, the truth in sex?”

“Education may well be, as of right, the instrument whereby every individual, in a society like our own, can gain access to any kind of discourse. But we well know that in its distribution, in what it permits and in what it prevents, it follows the well-trodden battle-lines of social conflict. Every educational system is a political means of maintaining or of modifying the appropriation of discourse, with the knowledge and the powers it carries with it.”

“la conveniencia de las actitudes esquiva los cuerpos, la decencia de las palabras blanquea los discursos”