“What Asia's postwar economic miracle demonstrates is thatcapitalism is a path toward economic development that is potentiallyavailable to all countries. No underdeveloped country in theThird World is disadvantaged simply because it began the growthprocess later than Europe, nor are the established industrial powerscapable of blocking the development of a latecomer, providedthat country plays by the rules of economic liberalism.”

“But it is not necessarily the case that liberal democracy is the political system best suited to resolving social conflicts per se. A democracy's ability to peacefully resolve conflicts is greatest when those conflicts arise between socalled "interest groups" that share a larger, pre-existing consensus on the basic values or rules of the game, and when the conflicts are primarily economic in nature. But there are other kinds of non-economic conflicts that are far more intractable, having to do with issues like inherited social status and nationality, that democracy is not particularly good at resolving.”

“An industrial policy worked in Taiwan only because the state was able to shield its planning technocrats from political pressures so that they could reinforce the market and make decisions according to criteria of efficiency—in other words, worked because Taiwan was not governed democratically. An American industrial policy is much less likely to improve its economic competitiveness, precisely because America is more democratic than Taiwan or the Asian NIEs. The planning process would quickly fall prey to pressures from Congress either to protect inefficient industries or to promote onesfavored by special interests.”

“but on Hegel, his "idealist" predecessor who was the first philosopher to answer Kant's challenge of writing a Universal History. For Hegel's understanding of the Mechanism that underlies the historical process is incomparably deeper than that of Marx or of any contemporary social scientist. For Hegel, the primary motor of human history is not modern natural science or the ever expanding horizon of desire that powers it, but rather a totally non-economic drive, the struggle for recognition. Hegel's Universal History complements the Mechanism we have just outlined, but gives us a broader understanding of man—"man as man"— that allows us to understand the discontinuities, the wars and sudden eruptions of irrationality out of the calm of economic development, that have characterized actual human history.”

“The nation will continue to be a central pole of identification, even if more and more nations come to share common economic and political forms of organization.”

“The effect of education on political attitudes is complicated,for democratic society. The self-professed aim of modern educationis to "liberate" people from prejudices and traditional formsof authority. Educated people are said not to obey authorityblindly, but rather learn to think for themselves. Even if thisdoesn't happen on a mass basis, people can be taught to see theirown self-interest more clearly, and over a longer time horizon.Education also makes people demand more of themselves and forthemselves; in other words, they acquire a certain sense of dignitywhich they want to have respected by their fellow citizens and bythe state. In a traditional peasant society, it is possible for a locallandlord (or, for that matter, a communist commissar) to recruitpeasants to kill other peasants and dispossess them of their land.They do so not because it is in their interest, but because they areused to obeying authority. Urban professionals in developed countries, on the other hand, can be recruited to a lot of nuttycauses like liquid diets and marathon running, but they tend notto volunteer for private armies or death squads simply becausesomeone in a uniform tells them to do so”

“recent events compel us to raise anew. From the beginning, themost serious and systematic attempts to write Universal Histories saw the central issue in history as the development of Freedom. History was not a blind concatenation of events, but a meaningful whole in which human ideas concerning the nature of a just political and social order developed and played themselves out. And if we are now at a point where we cannot imagine a world substantially different from our own, in which there is no apparent or obvious way in which the future will represent a fundamental improvement over our current order, then we must also take into consideration the possibility that History itself might be at an end.”